Is a general glut possible?

Is a general glut possible? Introduction In macroeconomics, general glut refers to there is a supply excess in all industries. There is a long time running debate on the general glut from the late 18th century. Many economists try to figure out if there is a general glut in reality. Normally, glut could be exhibited in a economic depression or recession with high unemployment rate and idle manufactures. However, Jean-Baptiste Say(1803) established his theory Law of markets which advocates that there is no general glut . Say said products are paid for with products. In the other words, supply creates demand. Many classical and neoclassical economists support Says Law. Say brought up his theory after industrial revolution. Under that background, Says law might be right, because market was completely controlled by suppliers. It means suppliers are consumers. Therefore, Says law seems right. On the other hand, Says Law can be proved with one simple example: if firms cannot sell goods, then goods prices will be decreased until c onsumers accept it. The only problem is time. In the long run, Says law seems correct. Ricardo (1851) extended this notion to saving and investment. If manufacture produces more than one consumes, then the surplus is saved and, by definition of terms, invested. No one would produce in excess of consumption needs if one does not have a desire to either exchange it or invest it. Supply, therefore, is demand. This virtually all the Classical economists held to be an irrefutable truth. However, some economists denied Says law concluding there is a general glut in economy. Keynesian argues that some microeconomic-level actions can lead to a general glut. Next, unnecessarily high unemployment rate is the evidence of a general glut. Austrian school economists argue that misallocation of resource causes the gneral glut. Some post-Keynesian economists think credit bubbles or speculative bubbles is the cause of general glut. In my opinion, general glut exists in the modern society. The severe worldwide economic depression in the 1930s and financial crisis in 2007 prove that there is a general glut in reality. Especially, the global financial crisis in 2007 makes me to believe that Keynesian is correct and general glut is possible. It is controversial that government should adopt laissez-fair or Keynesian policy to exit finaical crisis. From laissez-fair side, economists suggest government should stimulate production and this is the only way to control crisis. On the other hand, Keynesians supporters argue that government should stimulate demand. Because they think insufficient aggregate damand causes the fiancial crisis. Says law This part I will discuss Says law more detail and analyse why Says law is inconsistent with other economistss theories. Say is the first economists to advocate that the price of a product is dominated by its supply and demand. Say(1803) established Law of markets theory which argues that the total supply in an economy can never fall below or exceed the amount of total demand. Therefore, there is no general glut in a economy. On the other hand, Say argues that money is neutral. Personally, I think Says thought about moneys purpose is inconsistent with most economists arguments. It is the one reason why his theory is inconsistent with most economists theories. Say(1983) contended trader is interested in other products, not money. He thinks there is no reason to hoard money and moneys purpose is buying other goods. In contrast, I think many people are engaging to hoard money for various reasons. For example, ones salary is 2000 dollars per month, it is impossible for him to use 2000 dollars every month. One will make a financial plan and save one small proportion in the bank purposely. Many classical and neoclassical theory supports Says law. I read the story like shoe-hat world or some two things world in their articles. In the shoe-hat world, they exchange one good for another good . According to their explanations, there could be three possible circumstances in the shoe hat world. I got this idea from a on-line article called the general glut controversy. First of all, shoes makers and hat makers have enough quantities to satisfy all demand. Then, there is a overproduction of hats, meaning too great a demand for hats. Next, there may be too many shoes in the market. However, there never be a overproduction of both goods. Because a shoes maker would not produce one more if he or she did not need more hats. On the other hand, there could be a glut for one good, but there could not be a general glut. It seems plausible that general glut does not exist. However, they overlooked a important stuff, of course, money. In the current society, we are not in the barter economy. Money plays a important role in capitalize economy. If i introduce money in the two person economy, there is a little change. Mill, John Stuart (1844)argues that in the simple exchange economy, supply creats demand. However, when money is the exchange medium, people can hoard the sales profit. Therefore, supply do not always create demand and general confidence can change the balance between supply and demand. Joseph Clark(2010) argues that there still cannot be a general glut after we introduce money. He said there could be surplus in all goods relative to money. From the long term side, I think there is no general glut, however, in the short term, definitely supply does not equal to demand due to price is not flexible. It means there is overproduction or underproduction. Says law just messed up by the exchange medium, money. Great depression and global financial crisis It is important to discuss the economic depression in the 1930s and global financial crisis in 2007. From these two events, I firmly believe general glut exists. Many economists argued that government interventions is the main reason for financial crisis. Robert ( 2009) asserts that one cause of financial crisis is the unregulated financial market. Some researchers thought the main reason for financial crisis is humans greed. Adrian(2008) concluded one cause of the crisis is a change in the model of banking, mixing credit with equity culture. Nevertheless, I think general glut is the main reason. After doc.com bubble bursting, American government decreased interest rate to prevent economic recession. Between 2001 and 2004, interest rate even reached the lowest point of 50 years, 1%. I think real estate glut is the fuse of the crisis. After real estate bubble bursting, the general glut came up. For example, the Big three(GE,FORD,CLESLER) asked for $50 billion to avoid bankruptcy and e nsuing layoffs, then Congress worked out a 25$ billion loan. From a more widen scope, looking at the data from Wikipedia, the annulized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 9.8% in the Euro. Looking at the unemployment rate of economic downturn in the 1930s: unemployment in the United states arose to 25% and some other countries reached 33%(frank, 2007).If Says law is correct and general glut is invisible, there is no unemployment. I will explain why unemployment rate is related with Says law and general glut in the next part. Say and other nineteenth-century economists argued that products can find buyers eventually if prices are sufficiently attractive. I admit this argument is correct. If Airbus sells A380 as cars price, I think there is no overproduction problem for Airbus. I think many theories are established in a perfect and simple world. Actually many theories cannot apply to reality because of imperfect economy system. Some other theories Keynes (1936) argued that unnecessarily high unemployment rate was the evidence of the general glut. Aggregate demand for products is less than aggregate supply, causing economic recession and losses of potential output. There are three important concepts in Keynes paper. The first one is propensity to consume. The marginal propensity to consumer is the relative increase in personal consumption, that comes with an increase in disposable income. The marginal propensity is less than one. In the other words, the actual production level is lower than the full employment production level. Therefore, there is a gap between total income and total consumption. This gap would not be eliminated which conflicts Says law. Now, someone maybe ask if investments can close this gap. Many economists believe that saving is equal to investment. Keynes(1963) argues that investment cannot close this gap because there is no evidence showing that investment is equal to saving. Keynes contend that saving de pends on the households income level. It means one earns more and one saves more. However, investments depends on the marginal efficiency of capital. Keynes thinks saving and investment are totally different terms and have no autocorrelation. Austrian school economists argue that misallocation of resource causes the depression, even general glut. They also contend the depression is a tool to wipe out the excessive supply.(wiki) Austrian school economists focus on the credit cycle when they see the business cycle. they think depression is inevitable after credit bubble burst. Artificially low interest rate could lead speculative economic bubbles. Then, recession comes up to adjust the balance of saving and investment(Thorsten Polleit,2007). I think Austrian school theory is similar to post-Ksynesian. They both think general glut cause as one spends more than one earns. Personally, I think greed is another way to interpret this problem. some post-Keynesian economists think credit bubbles or speculative bubbles is the cause of general glut. From Irving Fishing ¼Ã‹â€ 1933 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° view, debt bubble busrting leads general glut. According to his debt deflation theory, a series of bad things occur after bubble bursting. First of all, distress selling and debt liquidation lead contraction of the money supply. Then, decrease of asset value and fall in firms profits. Afterwards, unemployment rate increase leads pessimism. Finally, people will hoard money. Therefore, a general glut comes up due to the shift from using more than one earns to spending less than one earns leads a sustained decrease in aggregate demand(wiki). It is necessary to talk about Marxian in the general glut debate. Marx(1864) contend that there are two types of goods, one is capital goods like machines and another one is consumer goods that are not durable. According to Marx, I think capitalist economy target is capital goods accumulation. On the other hand, firms goal is profit maximum. Looking back to our reality, many developed countries companies are using outsource strategy. They are reaching the maximum marginal profit. So there will be more and more goods but unchanged demand power even lower. Therefore, general glut is possible in the capitalist economy. Sismondi(1861) and Karl Marx have a same idea about time lag in the products transaction. I think this idea exists in the reality, for example, one produced a good and sell it. However, he would hoard money for a while before he buy other goods with money he earned. Therefore, there is a breakdown in the transaction and overproduction crisis can occur. Actually some economists oppose to Says law before Keyne and Marx. Malthus(1820) argues that producers do not always exchange their goods for other goods. Some goods are exchanged for labour. However, Says law does not concerns about employment and unemployment. Therefore the entire goods can lose value due to unproductive labour,meanwhile, general glut can exist. From the money side, Say and his supporters think is completely neutral. However, Malthus(1820) contend that producer wants money not other goods. He think it is so abstract that people want goods and not money. I persist Malthuss thought is correct. For example, I want to buy a house or a luxury car, so I will to save my money within five even ten years. Before I buy a house, money is preferable for me. Eventually, I admit my saving is for goods, however, I do not immediately change goods when I get money. There is a gap, even for a while, this gap will cause a general glut. conclusion I think it is impossible to avoid the crisis of general glut. Theoretically, general glut is a issue of income distribution. Profit is distributed to minority. This could leads social savings and investments too high as well as low consumption, hence the scale of production and consumption is asymmetry. Then, general glut comes up. Therefore, I support that government should stimulate aggregate demand side to exist crisis. Then, I disagree Says standpoint that supply creates demand. Just a simple example, manufactures always increase their investments when economy is booming. They think there will be more demand in the future , so they build more factories and buy more raw materials in advance. However, economic crisis may be happen suddenly leading to less consumption. Therefore, there will be many idle factories and high unemployment rate as well as unsold goods. Under this condition, I can barely believe that supply creates demand. I think general glut exists due to firms managers overestimate the demand quantities and misjudge macroeconomic situation. I think greedy soul is the main cause of overestimation and misjudgement. It is also the deep reason for the general glut. Many people debate on the term general and think there could be overproduction for one good or two goods or one thousand goods, however, no general glut. I think once money exists in our economy as a exchange tool, there could be general glut. Maybe money is not overproduction,but money is not good. There is no industry called money industry. On the other hand, I pretty sure government policies would solve the general glut issue. For example, FED injected money supply after 2007 financial crisis. This topic is so profound and tricky. My essay is not a statistics based paper, so I cannot provide enough data to prove my notion. Money is a critical variable in this debate. Some economists argue that money is neutral and give so little importance to money. Actually money has a meaning of value store rather than exchange. However, I still persist that general glut exists in the short run and supply seemingly create demand in the long run. in the other words, overproduction crisis is the situation that supplier cannot sell their goods at meanwhile. Is it possible? Obviously, the answer is yes. 1930 depression and 2007 financial crisis tell us the answer is yes. However, market itself adjusts and heals general gluts crisis eventually. I agree Keyness critique of Says law. But I am still confused his thought about saving and investment. I do not agree saving rate depends on income level rather than interest rate. For example, Chinese saving rate is higher than some western countries, however, Chinese income level is lower than western countries. Personally, I think interest rate has a strong relationship with saving. Finally, if Says law is acceptable, it means government should adopt laissez-fair policies. However, I think Keynesian is more rational and acceptable than laissez-fair. Global financial crisis and 30th great depression give a strong evidence for this debate. I pretty sure market is rational, however, overlooking one variable, of course, people. Human control the market and price and I have to say people are not rational sometimes. However, there is no general glut in the barter economy. In the other words, all goods are exchange for other goods. Plus, sellers buy other goods immediately after they sell goods. This circumstance seems so abstract and unrealistic. I cannot deny Says law influence and implications. Says law is a pillar of classical economic theory. Understanding the inner implication of Says law is important for government to control a crisis or avoid a crisis.

Adolescent Sexuality in Teens Essay

Adolescent sexuality and the resulting consequences have always been a concern to many societies across numerous generations. Teenage pregnancy, teenage parenthood and teenage infections with sexually transmitted diseases brings with it unique burdens not only to the adolescent affected, but also the society as a whole. In North America, every year more than 45000 teenagers aged 19 and below become pregnant (Martin, Park, & Sutton, 2002). These rates have dropped compared to their recent peak in 1990, with the decline said to be a result increased use of contraceptives amongst the youth. Nevertheless, these adolescent pregnancy rates range from about 50 percent to 550 percent more than the rates in other European societies (Darroch, Singh, & Frost, 2001). Every year 1 in every four sexually experienced teens (3 million teens) contract sexually transmitted disease and the teen pregnancy result in over two hundred thousand abortions each year. For those who carry their pregnancy to term, Eighty-three percent occur out of wedlock. Even in controlled studies adolescent mothers have been found to have lower education attainment levels. The most disturbing thing, however, is the evidence that the burden of adolescent parenthood accrues the greatest impact to members of the next generation. Problems normally start at birth: Documented evidence have shown that pregnant adolescents risk giving birth weight baby and these children of adolescent mothers are more likely to exhibit poor cognitive functioning and school adjustment than children born to older mothers. In adolescents, researchers have found massive delinquency, failure and risk for early parenthood amongst children of adolescent mothers. Teen Sexuality and Pregnancy Prevention amongst Adolescents                      If sexuality is a lightning rod in the community, then adolescent sexuality reflects that point where the charges are highest and most unstable. There is tension within societies around the meaning of adolescent sexuality either as a marker or moral decay or as a normal, healthy and natural growth process. The culture revolving around adolescent sexuality has relied heavily on sex education as a preventive measure. There are two opposing line of theory that had been developed earlier. One perspective stated that on a simple empirical basis, a sizeable percentage of adolescents become sexually active before reaching 18 years. It further states that educating them about the nature of sexual and its consequences would be one of the most effective means of curbing teenage pregnancies. In this perspective, teenage pregnancy is best prevented by accepting a role for teenage sexual activity as healthy, but certainly requiring direct and open discussions, a ccompanied by moral prescriptions. The other view posits that any educative activity that was based on the assumption that adolescents may become sexually active as teens cannot help but implicitly support such behavior. Thus, â€Å" explicit† sex education that includes teaching in topics such as birth control would lead to an increase in the view of adolescents on sexual activity as a viable option. Even though, explicit sex education programs might not necessarily encourage such behaviors, they were perceived as at least providing a â€Å"nod† suggesting that it is expected. Explicit sex education was see at worst as suggesting that sexual activity is a normative behavior to naà ¯ve teenagers who would have otherwise not considered it. At a minimum, educational programs have been seen as reducing the teenager’s sense that sexual activity is universally seen by adults as inappropriate before marriage or adulthood. In either case, programs like these were seen as likely to increase the levels of teenage sexual activity, with a very likely chance that these increases would lead to higher rates of sexually transmitted infections and pregnancies as well. Prevention Programs that work- Common elements                      There has been one approach to sexual education programs that have been effective. It combines educational material with a notable amount of skills that revolve around assertive and sexual behaviors. For example, skill based prevention measures against HIV have been implemented in Colorado schools and has been shown to lead to contribute to increasing the use of condoms reduce number of multiple sexual partners. Similarly, a successful HIV prevention study in which the education program used included training in social skills was compared to education only approach, and found the latter clearly superior. Research has also shown that combining of information-based programs with other development oriented programs did much better than interventions that focused on information alone in reducing irresponsible sexual behavior and teenage pregnancy rates. Interventions that seek to develop skills in self-efficacy together with the provision of information did much better than programs that provide information alone. Programs that teach about safe sex, while placing a lot of emphasis on responsibility and pride in decision making also seem to do better than programs that only teach safer sex behaviors (Jemmott & Fong, 1998). Finally, programs that narrowly focus on abstinence only are yet to yield any findings. The interpretation of these findings is that emotional and social development components of these prevention programs function as catalysts that help leverage the impact of abstinence or education-based approaches. The idea of preventing adolescent pregnancies, repeat pregnancies, or failures in parenting, by focusing on something else other than sexual behavior may at first seem to be avoidant, foolish or hopelessly indirect. However, on a closer look of research done on adolescent sexual behavior show that this approach may yield much better results than programs that focus solely on sexual behaviors. It has long been recognized that irresponsible sexual activity tends not to happen in isolation, to occur together with higher levels of substance abuse. This approach states that it makes less sense to view a single behavioral problem in isolation; rather, the problem should be seen as part of a unified syndrome that has an underlying risk manifesting itself in many different forms (Bell, 1986). This approach is thought to apply to patterns of delinquent behavior even in adulthood and starts to shed some light into the research findings discussed above. The impact of programmatic interventions on behaviors such as adolescent sexuality, start to be more plausible if we understand teenage sexual behavior as reflecting underlying problems that might lead to the emergence of a host of other problematic behaviors. In short, seeing an adolescent as a â€Å"whole person† may be fundamental in solving the problem. A lot can be learned from this programs and research that address teenage sexual behavior. The first is that adolescent pregnancy prevention is possible byways that may seem to be very indirect routes. A lot of evidence has emerged showing that by assisting teenagers to achieve educational success and be in control of their fertility, we are preventing teenage pregnancy in the coming generation. The most important implication is that currently there are several tools that can be used to prevent negative consequence of teenager’s sexual behavior. It may make little sense to think that giving extensive sex education will lower teenage pregnancy rates; it seems equally not viable that focusing on abstinence without looking at the broader aspects of social development will have an effect. Long-term interventions can help by helping the youth to have a higher sense of connection to the larger community, for example, by increasing their sense of self-efficacy, assertiveness, their impulse control and their hope about the future. Teens who are craving for a sense of connection and intimacy are more likely to engage in sexual behavior for which they are not ready for (Allen, 2002). The use of the nutritional model may be particularly appropriate here as these teenagers may be starving for a place within the social world and a sense of connection to the broader society. In short, when we focus on the development of a teenager as a whole person may precisely target those behaviors and developmental factors that are directly connected to preventing risky sexual behavior and its consequences. These programs are likely to build the capacity of youth and can greatly increase their motivation and skill at avoiding risky sexual behavior (Kirby & Coyle, 1997) even if they may not be addressing sexual behavior directly. By giving the youth opportunity to talk about their feelings, interests and concerns about sexuality, as well as practice negotiation and decision making skills, we will be enabling them to develop their moral framework about sexuality. References Allen, J. P. (2002). Observed Autonomy And Connection With Parents And Peers As Predictors Of Early Adolescent Sexual Adaptation. Paper presented at the Biennial Meetings of the Society for Research in Adolescence, New Orleans, LA. Bell, R. Q. (1986). Age Specific Manifestations in Changing Psychosocial Risk. In D. C. Farran & J. D. McKinney (Eds.), The concept of risk in intellectual and psychosocial development. New York: Academic Press. Darroch, J. E., Singh, S., & Frost, J. J. (2001). Differences in teenage pregnancy rates among five developed countries: the roles of sexual activity and contraceptive use. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(6), 244-250. Jemmott, J. B., III, Jemmott, L. S., & Fong, G. T. (1998). Abstinence and safer sex HIV risk-reduction interventions for African American adolescents. Jama: Journal of the American Medical Association, 279(19), 1529-1536. Kirby, D., & Coyle, K. (1997). School-based programs to reduce sexual risk-taking behavior. Children & Youth Services Review, 19(5-6), 415-436. Martin, J. A., Park, M. M., & Sutton, P. D. (2002). Births: Preliminary Data for 2001. National Vital Statistics Reports, 50, Number 10. Source document

The Appeal of College Paper

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Castles Of Steel Book Review - 2039 Words

Saranda Dellovci Baruch College Spring 2015 Castles of Steel - Book review Castles of Steel; Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. Robert K. Massie. Ballantine Books, 2003. 865 pages with 23 maps and photos. Paperback. $20.00. Castles of steel is a book written about the First World War. Robert K. Massie brings us a great overview of what the war was like in 1914. Starting from the beginning of the book, Massie begins with his first chapter of the War in July 1914. This gives an overview of the beginning of the war in which the readers can get a sense of Massie’s knowledge of his overview of the war from which he understands so well. From the list of chapters the war doesn’t really portray many enemies though. This being said, the book gives an overlook more of the heroes rather than the enemies. Massie, a man who studied about the First World War throughout his life, devoted to studying United States History and European History at both Yale and Oxford university. Massie uses a number of maps and photographs in Castles of Steel, which show the point of battle, and gives the readers a sense of the battle and where it took place. Some photographs in his book show of Admirals, ships, battle sce nes and important people during the time of war. Castles of Steel is Massie’s fourth book. Taking a look at Germany and Britain from the First World War is explained in detail in Massie’s book Castles of Steel. Massie’s explanation of Castles of Steel leavesShow MoreRelated`The Italian Retreat from Modern Architecture: Gio Ponti, Neoliberty and others3151 Words   |  13 PagesItalian architects that were trying to be edictal in the way they developed architecture, just interested in themselves Guido Canella, a page from the article on the Amsterdam School Reyner Banham, conclusion of his article in The Architectural Review Ernesto Nathan Rogers, ‘Continuita o crisi? 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The Odyssey and Dantes Inferno - 1300 Words

Governments come and go; religions rise and fall, but there is perhaps one thing that remains constant throughout the history of mankind: story-telling. It can be said that there is no better way to captivate and provoke the imagination of a person than being told the tale from the heart of a poet, whether it be romance, adventure or simply a story from experiences. And perhaps there are no better poets that are better able to drag their willing audience along a journey than Homer and Dante. The epic tales of The Odyssey and Inferno, respectively, were seemingly written along a parallel train of thought when describing their characters journey, easily engaging the creative functions of the reader with adventurous tales of hope and adventure. Their characters, Odysseus and Dante himself, reflect upon their like and equal struggles in the quest to return home and the help that they received along the way that helped them make the return possible. The Odyssey begins far ago when Odysseus had finished his duty as a soldier, fighting in the Trojan War, ultimately winning, while the opening setting of Dante’s Inferno eventuates with Dante himself in the dark forest. The similarities are set in motion nearly from the beginning, with both seemingly lost in life, yearning for the path to normality that seemingly evades them. Though the way seems daunting initially, each receives guidance and protection from a divine intervention, seemingly bent on ensuring that they make itShow MoreRelatedEssay about Comparing the Underworlds in Dante’s Inferno and The Odyssey2108 Words   |  9 PagesDante’s Inferno is a narrative poem, with a very complicated rhyme scheme, originally written in Italian. It documents the author’s, Dante, trip through hell, where he learns how hell is organized and the way in which sinners are punished. Dante is guided by the great poet Virgil, who leads him throughout hell. 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Ulysses finds himself time after time fighting off gods and their children. Dante, strugglingRead MoreThe Divine Comedy And Dantes Inferno1079 Words   |  5 PagesIn the Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus is viewed as a brave and virtuous hero by most people, especially the Greeks. However, the poet Dante Alighieri shares a much different view within his book The Divine Comedy: Inferno. Dante was born and raised in Italy and therefore had a natural hate for everything Greek related. The Inferno was written thousands of years after the Trojan war, and yet Dante still had a burning grudge against the Greeks for the way in which they defeated the Romans. Dante also validatedRead MoreAthena in the Odyssey vs. Virgil in the Inferno Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesAthena in the Odyssey VS. Virgil in the Inferno Two of the greatest works ever written, The Odyssey by Homer and The Inferno by Dante, are detailed, multi-sectioned poems about the journey’s of two men. In each story, the main character is given some sort of guidance by another character in order to aid them in their travels. In The Odyssey, Athena is portrayed as the protector to Odysseus on his journey back home from the Trojan War to his family in Ithaca. In The Inferno, Virgil is requestedRead More1. The Russian-American sociologist Pitirim Sorokin categories three cyclical waxing and waning1800 Words   |  8 Pagesin the sensate category belongs Dante’s Inferno, in the ideational category belongs both of the Gospels, and in the idealistic category belongs the Odyssey. I chose Dante’s Inferno for the sensate category because it is our sense perception that shows the truth and the Inferno is all about Dante’s idea of how people should pay for their sins. I chose the Gospel’s for the ideatio nal category because it was different versions of how people saw Jesus. 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Both Dante and Odysseus have a woman who waits for them and in their travels must search themselves and make the right choices to get back to them. Odysseus longs to be with his wife Penelope and Dante t o be with the woman he wants to marry BeatriceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Comedia 947 Words   |  4 Pagesbest known for his critically acclaimed epic poem, Comedà ¬a, which would later be called The Divine Comedy. Comedà ¬a has 3 parts: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The first installment, Inferno, may currently be the most well known of the three poems, spawning countless reprints, several movies and even a video game. Despite being known as a comedy, anyone who has read Inferno realizes that the story is full of symbolism, double entendres, political messages, allusions, religious undertones†¦ the list

Low Income Students Barriers Free Essays

RANIA ZOUHAIR SOC 101 Children living in poverty have many home and community factors that Contribute to performing below their potential in literacy achievement. This background Knowledge and experience of low-income students begins a literacy â€Å"achievement gap† That compares their literacy knowledge to that of children who do not live in poverty. Understanding social class diversity enhances the learning of all students. We will write a custom essay sample on Low Income Students Barriers or any similar topic only for you Order Now And Class differences in child-rearing practices may sound alarming or oversimplified. Lower-class children are more likely to have unstable family situations. Their parents typically have low-wage jobs and are more frequently laid off, causing family stress and more arbitrary discipline. This paper explains how language and attitudes of low income families act as barriers to success in education. And what types of programs or interventions are most useful in overcoming those barriers. The environment where a child develops has influences on language development. Success at school depends very heavily on language for reading, writing, speaking and understanding. The children exposed to extensive vocabulary and complex grammatical structures more quickly develop language and also have a more accurate syntax than children raised in environments without complex grammar exposed to them. Low income household uses informal, simple language, sometimes ungrammatical and with limited explanation and vocabulary which is used between friends or family member. Unlike middle class household who uses formal language, when explanation and details are required and they uses a wider vocabulary They often have had fewer words spoken to them, with shorter utterances. They hear only the most commonly occurring words. By age 5, the child of a parent who is language focused has heard 50,000,000 words spoken as opposed to the child of a parent who is not language focused. That child has only heard10,000,000 words (Hart and Risley, 1995). At the same time, the fact that poor children are geographically concentrated in neighborhoods that are segregated by race and social class presents special challenges for education policy, given that children have traditionally attended neighborhood schools. Another enormous factor that affects low income student achievement is their parent’s attitude towards education. ow income parents do not value education in the same way, that middle class parents do, and their children are more likely to drop out of school early low income parents are more likely to work long hours, so it is difficult for them to visit schools, and they might also see education as of less importance because they might have found their o wn education had little relevance to their jobs. That’s why some low income students are less motivated in school and thus they have lower level of achievement Contrary to Middle class people who highly value education, and begin promoting its value to their children at a very young age. For instance, middle class people will generally teach their child to read before reaching school age. As the child progresses through school the parents will promote education to their child by encouraging reading, homework and extra-curricular activities. The effort put forth by parents has a bigger impact on their children’s educational achievement than the effort expended by either teachers or the students themselves. The content of parents’ conversations with kids matters too. While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remains strong. The â€Å"No Child Left Behind† Educational law Act of 2001 (2002) was created as a means for, student learning to close the achievement gap between low income and middle-income students, and to make sure that all students become academically proficient in their grade level. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) has stringent accountability measures and includes the Reading First initiative, which focuses on five areas of literacy for beginning readers: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. Reading is fundamental to this legislation Among the programs that were set to overcome the low income student’s achievement gap, and to enforce the â€Å"No child left Behind† law, we quote the KIPP schools and the ACE program The KIPP schools the Knowledge Is Power Program, is a national network of free, open-enrollment, college-preparatory public charter schools designed for low income families, with a track record of preparing students in underserved communities for success in college and in life. They build a partnership among parents, students, and teachers that puts learning first. By providing outstanding educators, more time in school learning, and a strong culture of achievement. , KIPP is helping all students climb the mountain to and through college. The Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP). chools seek to actively engage students and parents in the educational process expand the time and effort students devote to their studies, reinforce students’ social competencies and positive behaviors, and dramatically improve their academic achievement Students in KIPP schools spend more time on learning, both in academics and extracurricular activities, each day, week, and year to improve their skills, and to decrease the achievement gap between low income students and middle class student. The KIPP schools tend to prove that low income students can also succeed since they got the attention and care they need. There is no arguing that making transition to college can be challenging for many students. The ACE program has proven to help participants face problem during the first semester The ACE program (achieving a college education) is a nationally recognized program that targets students who may not consider going to college and attaining a baccalaureate degree to be an achievable goal. Upon graduation from high school an ACE student may earn up to 24 transferable college credits The ACE Program Is designed to help students make a smooth transition from high school through the community colleges on to a university and completion of a bachelor’s degree. Recruits high school students in their sophomore year to participate in the program in their high school junior and senior years Ace students are enrolled in concurrent college courses as high school juniors and seniors Students attend college classes during the summer and on Saturdays during the fall and spring semesters Students can earn up to 24 college credits by the time they graduate from high school. The ACE program tends to first, to increase the number of students graduating from high school, second, to increase the number of students continuing on to college, and third to increase the number of students earning a degree or certificate. .Poverty impacts child development. Families have little income; are not able to afford many educational and school activities, which are vital to the development of the children’s learning skill. In addition the influence of the home environment and school environment on a child’s performance is pronounced. Family characteristics predict early reading skills, and Low-income students often have home environments with material hardships and resource-related disadvantages that affect their family dynamics. Children from low to income households are at a disadvantage. They are twice as likely to be held back and more likely not to graduate from high school. How to cite Low Income Students Barriers, Essays

Active Labour Market Programmes

Question: Task 1. Searching for a job Identify an appropriate job target, taking into account your existing skills, knowledge, and experience. You should use appropriate avenues, including: online job advertisments, industry magazine, and recruitment agencies, Required: 1. Discuss the different channels you used to find the chosen job and evaluate the effectiveness of those channels. 2. Discuss the main reasons you selected that particular job and organisation. Task 2. On the assumption that you are applying for the job chosen in part 1: Prepare a CV in the relevant format, of no more than 2 pages. Write a suitable cover letter expressing your interest in the position. Task 3. Time and tide wait for no man(Chaucer, date unknown), is a phrase that means we cannot stop time, therefore we should not delay doing things.( Cambridge Dictionaries online, 2015) In contemporary society, it is often the case people have many competing demands for their time in the form of families, jobs and studies Required: Write an Essay (a written discussion) explaining, detailing, with the use of examples and models, how you managed to fit-in your studies, with other responsibilities that you have in your life. Task 4. Write a reflective essay in which you access whether you have significantly increased your knowledge and developed your academic and business skills as a result of completing task I to 3 above. Answer: Introduction: Business skills are consisted of the interpersonal skills of an individual, which in terms of business defines the capability, knowledge of an employee to get along with others and fit in the job. It may include the communication skills, time management and organization, presentation skills, innovation skills etc. This assignment analyses the effectiveness of the channels utilized for identification of appropriate job target, along with the explanation and details of application of knowledge and experiences into the job. The learner have chosen the company Darrell Lea for the post of Marketing manager. Task 1. 1. A Channels used for choosing the job and their effectiveness There are number of avenues for job seekers in Australia like job advertisements, industry magazine, and agencies (Beard et al. 2012). The chosen job was found through internet job portals, namely Gumtree, Australian job search, simply hired, splash find etc. The portal chosen by the learner is Australian job search along with job advertisements as well. Job advertisements in the newspapers are more effective in comparison to job agencies and magazines. The reliability of the job is more than the one offered by agencies at the cost of registering with them or paying a part of the salary to them after getting the job. Advertisements allow allows the targeting of a specific geographic location, and there is comparatively less competition among the job seekers when it comes to searching in newspaper advertisements. The exposure that newspaper job advertisement provides is not limited, and the biggest advantage is direct contact with the company and no third party involved as the adverti sements are given by the recruiter itself (Brown et al. 2011). Similarly job portal are more refined way to set up communication in between the employer and the employee. Online portal used by the like Australian job search enables a wider reach in searching of the job. This is because posting of job requirements on the job portals by different organizations around the globe, which gives more options as one can search jobs according to preferences and apply directly for more than one job at a time. The concerned company gets in touch will the candidate directly. The advantage of job portals is not limited from the job seekers point of view, companies are also able to access the information of the applicant and approach the individual (Grant et al. 2014) 1. B Reasons of choosing the job The learner has chosen the position of marketing manager in Darrell Lea, an Australian company that manufactures and sells liquorices, chocolate, as well as other confectionery. The company operates solely in Australia though the distributions done worldwide. As a marketing manager and well versed with the market functions and norms the designation is made to order. The job comes with many opportunities of learnings and growth along with rewards on top performances. The job contains the challenges to keep the employee on the toes and it is tailored as per the core competencies of the chosen candidate, which includes marketing and sales. In the previous company the candidate had created an annual growth rate of 22% in the flat industry. The team and the work culture is friendly and not centric in Darrell Lea. The company has been launching products and is on the way up, the human resource practices in the organization is another factor which will attract candidates towards itself. The company norms enables equal treatment, unbiased work environment along with proper training and development programmed for motivating the employee, which interests the learner to be a part of Darrell Lea and contribute to its growth in the globally spread market. As a dedicated worker doing essential research of the market interests the learner and joining this company will give many such opportunities. The company Darrell Lea is standing tall, remembering that prosperity starts from home itself, and the organizational strategies, values and norms of the company as well as the excellent reputation gives Darrell Lea an edge over its competitors in the market. Task 2 2. a Relevant CV for the job Five years of senior level management experience highlighted by success in marketing to a diverse range of B2B and B2C target markets. Fast track and sales focused career totals six years of consistent delivery of business development results with the usage of broad range of skills and experience that cover the entire marketing mix. The key credentials include: Strategic Marketing Planning Market growth New product launch Market analysis and research Positioning in the market Global market management Team training Career Highlight Achieved 100 % revenue targets year on year for last 3 years Generating sales by reducing cost of the overall marketing operations of the company Secured $800 K worth of marketing based business during 2010-2011 Recruitment, training and motivation of teams that exceed targets by + 15% Got recognition in the company in 2013 and 2014 Experience TrainPros Ltd, Australia- January 2009 to present Assistant Marketing Manager Promoted from senior Marketing Coordinator to the current designation for the strategic role in the budget accountability of $800 K. working with the head of the marketing departments, manages 11 different brands, involved in the development of the product, ensure revenue generation and return on investment and maintaining brand equity. DataScope Ltd, Australia- July 2007 to December 2008 Global Marketing Executive The role included PR manager for the professional services in Australia as well as other nations and also brand manager for online products. Organizing exhibitions, gaining sponsorship opportunities were the major functions of the designation Education and Training CIM post graduate Diploma Chartered Institute of Marketing, London Business School (2007) Bachelors in Arts (BA) in Business Administration University of Melbourne, Australia (2004) Selected for prestigious one year placement at Reuters in Paris (2004) Additional Information Computing: Office Software (MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint), Databases (sales logic, Siebel, and Lotus), Desktop publishing (CorelDraw) Languages: Fluent written and Spoken English Interests: Painting, Basket ball, Adventure Sports 2. b Cover Letter Andrew Evans 15 Cornwall Ave , Phone: 0400 000 00 Melbourne, Australia ,Andrew.ev@ausi.com 20 April 2015 The Hiring Manager Darrell Lea Stock land The Pines 78/181 Reynolds Road Don caster East VIC, Australia Dear Mr. Jones, My passion for delivering fresh, innovative marketing solutions, the enthusiasm as a person and proven experience make me a natural marketing manager. From seeking out new customers through e- mail marketing campaigning and maintenance of promotional events for establishing a long lasting partnership with the clients, vendors and customers of the company. I have a diverse grasp of marketing functions and market analysis skills along with knowledge in sales and customer relationship management that spans more than 6 years. These are the skills I am interested in offering to a great company like Darrell Lea, by taking on the responsibility of marketing manager in the organization. As global Marketing Manager in my previous organization, and assistant marketing manager I have spread headed numerous critical projects that lead to commendable business development and profit maximization of the company. The projects included wide-marketing plan development of an enterprise which included the budget planning for global markets, usage of data mining techniques for improving organizational strength and creation of community outreach for the economic development of the organization, the strategic and financial planning which helped in securing $800 K worth of marketing business in the year 2010-2011. Brand development was also a part of my job for the creation of unified sales and marketing along with spreading of messages for creating better public relations and execution. If you are is looking for result oriented marketing managers for the development of Darrell Lea then it would be great opportunity for me to discuss the value that my experience can deliver. I can be reached at the above telephone number or e-mail address. I look forward to hearing from you. With best regards, Andrew Evans Enclosure: Resume Task 3: Time Management: Fitting in studies Coveys Time Management Quadrant As per the model in the field of management studies time management has four stages which are identification of tasks and recognition of the demands on time, scheduling of the future, prioritization and planning of the activities along with the addition of personal values in prioritization process, and focusing on activities which are of less priority but are of importance (Bride, 2011). People preferring the fourth generation time management tend to focus on the effectiveness and results instead of methods and efficiency. The time management model emphasis on what is more important and not on what is urgent, which can be planned across different roles. According to Richardson and Gosnay (2011), the basic idea includes the separation of the activities on the basis of two categories which are Importance and Urgency. A four box matrix is used for conveying this, as it represents urgency in horizontal axis and importance on the vertical axis. URGENT NOT URGENT IMPORTANT QUADRANT I- URGENT AND IMPORTANT QUARDRANT II: NOT URGENT AND IMPORTANT NOT IMPORTANT QUADRANT III: URGENT AND NOT IMPORTANT QUADRANT IV: NOT URGENT AND NOT IMPORTANT Table1: Coveys Time Management Quadrant (Source: Williams and Reid, 2011) Quadrant I represents the work which requires important and immediate attention and has close deadlines of completing it. Quadrant II involves work that demand long term planning, strategy building up and development process where as Quadrant III is for time pressure distractions, they are not really important but the current circumstances demands it immediately. Quadrant IV includes the activities which do not yield anything of great value. These are meant to be used for taking a break from time and pressured and important activities. As per Varga (2011), quadrant II is of great importance as it implies that an individual has to work in a strategic as well as tactical manner. The application of the above model is beneficial for the organization as it helps in the achieving of favorable factors for organizational development like coherence in the planner including values and mission, healthy balance in between work and life, focus on important issues of work and life too, flexibility and improvement in the relationship with others. The grid explains that urgency is related to time whereas importance is related to value of an activity, they can even coincide, and time management is the key for dealing with important tasks prior to becoming urgent, as completing important task is easier when they r not urgent. The grid was used by the learner in the present organization for carrying out a better work planning, focusing. The grid basically has much application, which can be used as per the requirement (McCabe, 2011). For example the learner utilized the grid in two ways, firstly by taking the to-do list and sorting out the list by placing them in respective quadrants, this is followed by assessing of the time that will be needed for accomplishing the lists and relocation of the activities as per requirements. The second way of applying the grid involved one week assessment strategy, where copies of the grid is made and each grid is used on each day of the week, along with the listing of all activities done and respective time taken in completion of activity. The data of five days are collated and combined and summarized in another grid and percentage of time is calculated individually. This judges the utility of the time, which is whether the time was spent effective and whether there are a ny changes that are required to be done in the work load respectively. Task 4: Personal developmental plan The topic of the study business skills gives an idea about the skills and qualities that are needed for carrying out a better and successful professional life. it is clear to me that application of business skills starts from the very starting of a career, as it is not an easy task to understand business, education and reading about it develops the knowledge but the application of the knowledge is more vital. Being a marketing professional corporate functions play the role of a testing ground where all the principles of management are to be applied and studied. The study gave me an insight about the various avenues that help in the choosing of an appropriate job by an individual with respect to the skills, experience and knowledge level, and how these avenues prove to be advantageous in the process of job search. I got to know that newspaper job advertisements can be more advantageous than job agencies and magazines, as they are more reliable, and are cost effective due to absence of registering cost or other fees. Advertisements tend to have less competition due to the decrease in pare reading population; despite of the fact that many organizations still prefer to avail newspaper publishing due to better geographic coverage. Another mode is using online job portals, like Australian Job Search is used for searching of job without the involvement of the any third party recruiting body. I got to know that online job search provides the candidate with more options and applying for more than one job at a time, which enable a direct communication with the organization. It is now understood to me that availing of these modes proves to be beneficial for the companies as well, as they also get access to personal information of a candidate. The effectiveness of job portals increases as it automatically sends the job updates to the job seeker without having to miss it. Online job portals provide almost majority of the services for free inclusive of the creation of profile, regular updating of the CV, regular job updates to the job seeker etc. although it also gives a choice of paid services which depends on the individual to take or not. The renowned job portals are very much reliable, and are consisted of genuine job listings on the portal without any unauthenticated information. The study also explains the reasons for choosing the particular job of Marketing Manager at Darrell Lea, which elaborated how the key competencies of an employee are applicable in the organizational functions, and also how this will help in the grooming and development of the employee. The section also threw light on the important factors that and employee preference to have in a company, like Darrell Lea have got employee friendly human resource practices and training programs which ensures employee sustainability and better performance. The company Darrell Lea is standing tall, remembering that prosperity starts from home itself, and the organizational strategies, values and norms of the company as well as the excellent reputation gives Darrell Lea an edge over its competitors in the market. I learnt the concept of time management more illustratively, by understanding the concept of urgent and important activities in an organization. The application of the model will prove to be very important in planning of processes in an organization, as different works will be categorized according to their importance and urgency level and result in better planning like whether the activities need more time or less time and the work load will be increased or decreased, because the matrix discussed in the study elaborates the effectiveness of the time being spent on a particular activity. References Amilon, A. (2010). Active Labour Market Programmes, Job Search and Job Finding. LABOUR, 24(3), pp.279-294. Beard, T., Ford, G., Saba, R. and Seals, R. (2012). Internet use and job search. Telecommunications Policy, 36(4), pp.260-273. Bride, M. (2011). Time management. London: Hodder Education. Brown, R., Owens, M. and Bradley, C. (2011). Employee to employer communication skill. Psycho-Oncology, p.n/a-n/a. Grant, K., Maxwell, G. and Ogden, S. (2014). Skills utilisation in Scotland: exploring the views of managers and employees. Employee Relations, 36(5), pp.458-479. Green, A., Li, Y., Owen, D. and de Hoyos, M. (2012). Inequalities in use of the Internet for job search. Environ. Plann. A, 44(10), pp.2344-2358. Hargittai, E. and Litt, E. (2013). New strategies for employment? internet skills and online privacy practices during people's job search. IEEE Secur. Privacy, 11(3), pp.38-45. Heckman, L. (2011). How to find business information. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. Kim, A. and Haugh, H. (2013). When is your tea time? Making sense of time in organizations. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), pp.15711-15711. Kuhn, P. and Mansour, H. (2014). Is Internet Job Search Still Ineffective?. Econ J, 124(581), pp.1213-1233. Liu, S., Huang, J. and Wang, M. (2014). Effectiveness of job search interventions: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), pp.1009-1041. McCabe, D. (2011). Opening Pandora's box: The unintended consequences of Stephen Covey's effectiveness movement. Management Learning, 42(2), pp.183-197. Mezghani, K. and Mezghani, L. (2014). Effects of Business Managers Skills on Enterprise Resources Planning Strategic Alignment. American Journal of Business and Management, 3(1). Richardson, N. and Gosnay, R. (2011). Develop your marketing skills. London: Kogan Page. Shahiri, H. and Osman, Z. (2014). Internet Job Search and Labor Market Outcome. International Economic Journal, 29(1), pp.161-173. Straubhaar, J., LaRose, R. and Davenport, L. (2013). Media now. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Sudiana, and Pardamean, B. (2014). Users' Interest Assessment on Job Portal. International Journal of Web Portals, 6(1), pp.64-75. Suvankulov, F., Chi Keung Lau, M. and Ho Chi Chau, F. (2012). Job search on the internet and its outcome. Internet Research, 22(3), pp.298-317. Varga, A. (2011). Time management. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Vukasovi, T. (2014). Differences in Perceptions among Managers, Academics, and Students of the Importance of Various Aspects of Marketing Knowledge and Skills. BJEMT, 4(9), pp.1475-1490. Williams, K. and Reid, M. (2011). Time management. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.